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Russian chanson
Russian chanson () (from French "chanson") is a neologism for a musical genre covering a range of Russian songs, including city romance songs, author song performed by singer-songwriters, and Blatnaya Pesnya or "criminals' songs" that are based on the themes of the urban underclass and the criminal underworld.
== History ==
The Russian chanson originated in the Russian Empire. The songs sung by serfs and political prisoners of the Tsar are very similar in content to the songs sung in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation today. However, during the Soviet Union, the style changed, and the songs became part of the culture of samizdat and dissent.〔Sophia Kishkovsky, “Notes from a Russian Musical Underground: The Sounds of Chanson,” New York TImes, July 16, 2006, accessed May 5, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/arts/music/16kish.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&adxnnlx=1367960815-F6heEQJ%202kWtOUnYChryZA, 2.〕
During the Khrushchev thaw, the Soviet Union released millions of prisoners from the gulag. When the former prisoners returned from the gulags back to their homes in the 1950s, the songs that they had sung in the camps became popular with Soviet students and nonconformist intelligentsia.〔Christopher Lazarski, “Vladimir Vysotsky and His Cult,” Russian Review 51 (1992): 60.〕 Then, in the second half of the 1960s, the more conservative Leonid Brezhnev and Aleksey Kosygin made a slight reversal to this process, albeit never reaching the tight, stringent controls experienced during the Stalin era. This, combined with the influx of cheap and portable magnetic tape recorders led to an increase in the popularity and consumption of the criminal songs.〔Gene Sosin, “Magnitizdat: Uncensored Songs of Dissent,” in Dissent in the USSR: Politics, Ideology, and People, ed. Rudolf L. Tokes. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 276.〕 These songs were performed by Soviet bards; folk singers who sung with simple guitar accompaniment. Since Soviet culture officials did not approve of the songs, many of the bards initially became popular playing at small, private student parties.〔Lazarski, “Vladimir Vysotsky,” 60.〕 The attendees at these gatherings would record the concert with a tape recorder. The songs of the bards spread through the sharing and recopying of these tapes.〔Sosin, “Magnitizdat,” 278.〕
After the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation, the musical style of the songs began to shift, although the content did not. Modern artists affiliated with the Chanson genre often sing not in the traditional style used even by the Khrushchev-era performers, but more professionally, borrowing musical arrangements from pop, rock, and jazz. Although the strict cultural control of the Soviet Union has ended, many Russian officials still publically denounce the genre. Russia’s prosecutor general, Vladimir Ustinov, referred to the songs as “propaganda of the criminal subculture”.〔Kishkovsky, “The Sounds of Chanson,” 1.〕 The official disapproval of chansons has led to an absence of the songs from Russian radio. They are usually only played late at night, if they are played at all. Still, many politicians are fans of the genre, and one of the popular modern chanson singers, Alexander Rosenbaum, was a member of the Duma as part of the United Russia Party.〔Kishkobsky, “The sounds of Chanson,” 2.〕 Rosenbaum was also awarded the title of People’s Artist of Russia by a decree of Vladimir Putin.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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